Литература

1. Lok A.S., Heathcote E.J., Hoofnagle J.H. Management of Hepatitis B 2000, Summary of a Workshop. Gastroenterology 2001;120:1828-53.
2. Gross P.A., Barrett T.L., Dellinger E.P., Krause P.J., Martone W.J., McGowan J.E., Sweet R.L., et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America quality standards for infectious diseases: purpose of quality standards for infectious diseases/ Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:421.
3. Lee W. Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1733-45.
4. McQuillan G.M., Townsend T.R., Fields H.A., Carrol M., Leahy M., Polk B.F. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States. Am J Med 1989;87(suppl 3A):5S-10S.
5. CDC. Hepatitis B virus: a comprehensive strategy for limiting transmission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1991;40:RR-13:1-25.
6. Beasley R.P. Hepatitis B virus: the major etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1988;61:1942-56.
7. McMahon B.J. Hepatocellular carcinoma and viral hepatitis. In: Wilson R.A., ed. Viral Hepatitis. New York: Marcel Dekker 1997;315-330.
8. Seeger C., Mason W.S. Hepatitis B virus biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000;64:51-68.
9. Ganem D., Schneider R.J. Hepadnaviridae and their replication. In: Knipe D.M., Howlev P.M., Chanock R.M., Monath T.P., Roizman B., Straus S.E., eds. Fields Virology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 2001:2703-37.
10. Scaglioni P.P., Melegari M., Wands J.R. Biologic properties of hepatitis B viral genomes with mutations in the precore promoter and precore open reading frame. Virology 1997;233:374-81.
11. Buckwold V.E., Xu Z., Chen M., Yen T.S., Ou J.H. Effects of a naturally occurring mutation in the hepatitis B virus basal core promoter on precore gene expression and viral replication. J Virol 1996;70:5845-51.
12. Locarnini S., Birch C. Antiviral chemotherapy for chronic hepatitis B infection: lessons learned from treating HIV-infected patients. J Hepatol 1999;30:536-50.
13. Maynard J.E. Hepatitis B: global importance and need for control. Vaccine 1990;8(Suppl):S18-S20.
14. Mast E.E., Alter M.J., Margolis H.S. Strategies to prevent and control hepatitis B and C virus infections: a global perspective. Vaccine 1999;17:1730-33.
15. Margolis H.S., Alter M.J., Hadler S.C. Hepatitis B: evolving epidemiology and implications for control. Semin Liver Dis 1991;11:84-92.
16. CDC. Recommendations for protection against viral hepatitis. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1985;34:313-35.
17. CDC. Prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus: prenatal screening of all pregnant women for hepatitis B surface antigen. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1988;37:341-6.
18. Scharschmidt B.F., Held M.J., Hollander H.H., Read A.E., Lavine J.E., Veereman G., McGuire R.F., et al. Hepatitis B in patients with HIV infection: relationship lo AIDS and patient survival. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:837-8.
19. Rodriguez-Mendez M.L., Gonzalez-Quintela A., Aguilera A, Barrio E. Prevalence, patterns and course of past hepatitis B virus infection in intravenous drug users with HIV-1 infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1316-22.
20. Bond W.W., Favero M.S., Petersen N.J., Gravelle C.R., Eben J.W., Maynard J.E. Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week [letter]. Lancet 1981;1:550-1.
21. Petersen N.J., Barrett D.H., Bond W.W., Berquist K.R., Favero M.S., Bender T.R., Maynard J.E. Hepatitis B surface antigen in saliva, impetiginous lesions, and the environment in two remote Alaskan villages. Applied Environ Microbiol 1976:32:572-4.
22. Beasley R.P., Hwang L.Y., Lee G.C.Y., Lin C.C., Roan C.H., Huang F.Y., Chen C.L. Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet 1983;1:1099-1102.
23. Beasley R.P., Hwang L.Y., Lin C.C., Leu M.L., Stevens C.E., Szmuness W., Chen K.P. Incidence of hepatitis B virus in preschool children in Taiwan. J Infect Dis 1982;146:198-204.
24. Corsaget P., Yvonnet B., Chotard J., Vincelot P., Sarr M., Diouf C., Chiron J.P., et al. Age- and sex-related study of hepatitis B virus chronic carrier state in infants from an endemic area (Senegal). J Med Virol 1987;22:1-5.
25. McMahon B.J., Alward W.L.M., Hall D.B., Heyward W.L., Bender T.R., Francis D.P., Maynard J.E. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: Relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis 1985;151:599-603.
26. Tassopoulos N.C., Papaevangelou G.J., Sjogren M.H., Roumeliotou-Karayannis A., Gerin J.L., Purcell R.H. Natural history of acute hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis in Greek adults. Gastroenterology 1987;92:1844-50.
27. Horvath J., Raffanti S.P. Clinical aspects of the interactions between human immunodeficiency virus and the hepatotropic viruses. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:339-47.
28. Bodsworth N., Donovan B., Nightingale B.N. The effect of concurrent human immunodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B: a study of 150 homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1989;160:577-82.
29. Hoofnagle J.H., Dusheiko G.M., Seeff L.B., Jones E.A., Waggoner J.G., Bales Z.B. Seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen to antibody in chronic type B hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1981;94:744-8.
30. Viola L.A., Harrison I.G., Coleman J.C., Paradinal F.J., Fluker J.L., Evans B.A., Murray-Lyon I.M. Natural history of liver disease in chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers: survey of 100 patients from Great Britain. Lancet 1981;2:1156-9.
31. Liaw Y.F., Chu C.M., Su I.J., Huang M.J., Lin D.Y., Chang-Chien C.S. Clinical and histological events preceding hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in chronic type B hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1983;84:216-9.
32. Fattovich G., Rugge M., Brollo L., Pontisso P., Noventa F., Guido M., Alberti A., et al. Clinical, virologic and histologic outcome following seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe in chronic hepatitis type B. Hepatology 1986;6:167-72.
33. Lok A.S.F., Lai C.L., Wu P.C., Leung E.K.Y., Lam T.S. Spontaneous hepatitis e antigen to antibody seroconversion and reversion in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 1987;92:1839-43.
34. Lok A.S., Lai C.L. A longitudinal follow-up of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Chinese children. Hepatology 1988,8:1130-3.
35. Chang M.H., Hsu H.Y., Hsu H.C., Ni Y.H., Chen J.S., Chen D.S. The significance of spontaneous hepatitis e antigen seroconversion in childhood: with special emphasis on the clearance of hepatitis e antigen before 3 years of age. Hepatology 1995;22:1387-92.
36. Lee P.I., Chang M.H., Lee C.Y., Hsu H.Y., Chen J.S., Chen P.J., Chen D.S. Changes in serum hepatitis B DNA and aminotransferase levels during the course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children. Hepatology 1990;12:657-60.
37. Lok A.S.K., Lai C.L. Acute exacerbations in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B (HBV) virus infection: Incidence, predisposing factors and etiology. J Hepatol 1990;10:29-34.
38. Dusheiko G.M., Brink B.A., Conradie J.D., Marimuthu T., Sher R. Regional prevalence of hepatitis B, Delta, and human immunodeficiency virus infection in Southern Africa: a large population survey. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:138-45.
39. Bortolotti F., Cadrobbi P., Crivellaro C., Guido M., Rugge M., Noventa F., Calzia R., et al. Long-term outcome of chronic type B hepatitis in patients who acquire hepatitis B infection in childhood. Gastroenterology 1990;99:805-10,
40. Moreno M.R., Otero M., Millan A., Castillo I., Cabrerizo M., Jimenez F.J., Oliva H., et al. Clinical and histological outcome after hepatitis B e antigen to antibody seroconversion in children with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1999;29:572-5.
41. Stroffolini T., Mele A., Tosti M.E., Gallo G., Balocchini E., Ragni P., Santonastasi F., et al. The impact of hepatitis B mass immunisation campaign on the incidence and risk factors of acute hepatitis B in Italy. J Hepatol 2000;33:980-5.
42. de Franchis R., Meucci G., Vecchi M., Tatarella M., Colombo M., Del Ninno E., Rumi N.G., et al. The natural history of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:191-4.
43. McMahon B.J., Hoick P., Bulkow L., Snowball M.M. Serologic and clinical outcomes of 1536 Alaska Natives chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. Ann Int Med 2001;.135:759-68.
44. Colin J.F., Cazals-Hatem D., Loriot M.A., Martinot-Peignoux M, Pham B.N., Auperin A., Degott C., et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B in homosexual men. Hepatology 1999;29:1306-10.
45. Dragosics B., Ferenci P., Hitchman E., Denk H. Long-term follow-up study of symptomatic HBsAg-positive voluntary blood donors in Austria: a clinical and histologic evaluation of 242 cases. Hepatology 1987;7:302-6.
46. Davis G.L., Hoofnagle J.H., Waggoner J.G. Spontaneous reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 1984;86:230-5.
47. Liaw Y.F., Tai D.I., Chu C.M., Pao C.C., Chen T.J. Acute exacerbation in chronic type B hepatitis: comparison between HBeAg and antibody-positive patients. Hepatology 1987;7:20-3.
48. Fattovich G., Brollo L., Alberti A., Pontisso P., Giustina G., Realdi G. Long-term follow-up of anti-HBe-positive chronic active hepatitis B. Hepatology 1988;8:1651-4.
49. Chan H.L.Y., Leung N.W.Y., Hussain M., Wong M.L., Lok A.S.F. Hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B in Hong Kong. Hepatology 2000;31:763-8.
50. Brunetto M.R., Oliveri F., Rocca G., Criscuolo D., Chiaberge E., Capalbo M., David E., et al. Natural course and response to interteron of chronic hepatitis B accompanied by antibody to hepatitis B e antigen. Hepatology 1989;10:198-202.
51. Lindh M., Andersson A.S., Gusdal A. Genotypes, nt 1858 variants, and geographic origin of hepatitis B virus - large-scale analysis using a new genotyping method. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1285-93.
52. Laras A., Koskinas J., Avgidis K., Hadziyannis S.J. Incidence and clinical significance of hepatitis B virus precore gene translation initiation mutations in e antigen-negative patients. J Viral Hepatitis 1998;5:241-8.
53. Naoumov N.V., Schneider R., Grotzinger T., Jung M.C., Miska S., Pape G.R., Will H. Precore mutant hepatitis B virus infection and liver disease. Gastroenterology 1992:102:538-43.
54. Rodriguez-Frias F., Buti M., Jardi R., Cotrina M., Viladomiu L., Esteban R., Guardia J. Hepatitis B virus infection: precore mutants and its relation to viral genotypes and core mutations. Hepatology 1995;22:1641-7. .
55. Tu H., Xiong S.D., Trepo C., Wen Y.M. Frequency of hepatitis B virus e-minus mutants varies among patients from different areas of China. J Med Virol 1997;51:85-9.
56. Shindo M., Hamada K., Koya S., Sokawa Y., Okuno T. The clinical significance of core promoter and precore mutations during the natural course and interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:237-45.
57. Zarski J.P., Marcellin P., Cohard M., Lutz J.M., Bouche C., Rais A. Comparison of anti-HBe-positive and HBe-antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B in France. French Multicentre Group. J Hepatol 1994;20;636-40.
58. Gray A.H., Fang J.W., Davis G.L., Mizokami M., Wu P.C., Williams R., Schuster S.M., et al. Variations of hepatitis B virus core gene sequence in Western patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepatitis 1997;4:371-8.
59. Grandjacques C., Pradat P., Stuyver L., Chevallier M., Chevallier P., Pichoud C., Maisonnas M., et al. Rapid detection of genotypes and mutations in the pre-core promoter and the pre-core region of hepatitis B virus genome: correlation with viral persistence and disease severity. J Hepatol 2000;33:430-9.
60. Hadziyannis S. Hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B: from clinical recognition to pathogenesis and treatment. Viral Hepatitis Rev 1995;1:7-36.
61. Di Marco V., Camma C., Vaccaro A., Giunta M., Martorana G., Fuschi P., Almasio P., et al. The long-term course of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1999;30:257-64.
62. Brunetto M.R, Giarin M.M., Oliveri F., Chiaberge E., Baldi M., Alfarano A., Serra A., et al. Wild-type and e antigen-minus hepatitis B viruses and course of chronic hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:4186-90.
63. Chu C.M., Yeh C.T., Chiu C.T., Sheen I.S., Liaw Y.F. Precore mutant of hepatitis B virus prevails in acute and chronic infections in an area in which hepatitis B is endemic. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:1815-8.
64. Kramvis A., Kew M.C., Bukofzer S. Hepatitis B virus precore mutants in serum and liver of Southern African blacks with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 1998;28:132-41.
65. Lok A.S., Akarca U., Greene S. Mutations in the pre-core region of hepatitis B virus serve to enhance the stability of the secondary structure of the pre-genome encapsidation signal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:4077-81.
66. Carman W.F., Jacyna M.R., Hadziyannis S., Karayiannis P., McGarvey M.J., Makris A., Thomas H.C. Mutation preventing formation of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet 1989;2:588-91.
67. Okamoto H., Tsuda F., Akahane Y., Sugai Y., Yoshiba M., Moriyama K., Tanaka T., et al. Hepatitis B virus with mutations in the core promoter for an e antigen-negative phenotype in carriers with antibody to e antigen. J Virol 1994;68:8102-10.
68. Magnius L.O., Norder H. Subtypes, genotypes and molecular epidemiology of the hepatitis B virus as reflected by sequence variability of the S-gene. Intervirology 1995;38:24-34.
69. Adachi J., Kaneko S., Matsushita E., Inagaki Y., Unoura M., Kobayashi K. Clearance of HBsAg in seven patients with chronic hepatitis. Hepatology 1992;16:1334-7.
70. LiawY.F., Sheen I.S., Chen T.J., Chu C.M., Pao C.C. Incidence, determinants and significance of delayed clearance of serum HBsAg in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a prospective study. Hepatology 1991;13:627-31.
71. Gandhi M.J., Yang G.G., McMahon B., Vyas G. Hepatitis B virions isolated with antibodies to the pre-S1 domain reveal occult viremia in surface antigen negative/antibody-positive carriers by polymerase chain reaction. Transfusion 2000:40:910-6.
72. Yu M.W., Hsu F.C., Sheen I.S., Chu C.M., Lin D.Y., Chen C.J., Liaw Y.F. Prospective study of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis in asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:1039-47.